Suchergebnisse

Sociopolitical situation since 1971; lecture.

Over the past several years considerable research has been undertaken on different aspects of linkages between urban centres and their rural hinterlands. From the collective results of this research, a model of rural-urban development can be synthesized that envisions a mutually reinforcing pattern of linkages between a town and its hinterland that spurs the growth of both agriculture and nonfarm activities. Using data from Kenya (much of the data on which this article is based come from field surveys carried out in late 1987 and early 1988 in Kutus town and its hinterland, Kirinyaga district), this article explores several propositions of a "virtuous circle" model of rural-urban development, to determine when the model might operate within a local economy. (Documentatiebald/ASC Leiden)

This paper examines some successful aspects of the programme, as well as how political, bureaucratic and capacity constraints forced major modifications in the programme's planned implementation process and prevented local agencies from assuming as much responsability as planned. A number of lessons are drawn from this experience to guide similar efforts in other countries. (DSE)

ABSTRACTDoes rising income from agriculture drive the growth of nonfarm activities, or does increased income from nonfarm activities spur the growth of agriculture? This paper looks at the role of nonfarm income in enabling smallholders to raise agricultural output and productivity. Based on data from a sample of farm households near Kutus town in the Kirinyaga district of Kenya, it examines these issues by looking at the use of resources for farm production, the risks attached to alternative ways of raising output and productivity, and the household's propensity to accept risk as a function of the extent to which it is able to draw on liquid assets or diversified sources of income. The authors argue that nonfarm income provides households with a form of insurance against the risks of farming, and thus enables them to adopt new production methods and raise output. They argue further that a key factor in creating opportunities for rural households to earn nonfarm income is the presence of vibrant small towns nearby.

Diskussion der Erfolge bisheriger Entwicklungspolitik und Vorschläge zur Verbesserung

One Images of the City -- 1. The Future Metropolis: Can It Be Made More Humane? -- 2. Great and Terrible Cities -- 3. The Educative City -- 4. The Form of the City -- 5. Images of the City in the Social Sciences -- Two The Metropolis and New Communities in the United States -- 6. Problems of the Metropolis: Changing Images and Realities -- 7. Conditions for a Successful New Communities Program -- 8. The New Communities Program and Why It Failed -- Three The Metropolis and City Planning in Third World Countries -- 9. Realism and Utopianism in City Planning: A Retrospective View -- 10. Changing Perspectives on Area Development Strategies -- Four Educational Dilemmas in City Planning -- 11. Four Approaches to Urban Studies -- 12. Training City Planners in Third World Countries -- Five City Planning: Promise and Reality -- 13. On the Illusions of City Planners -- 14. The Profession of City Planning -- Acknowledgments -- Notes.

Introduced pests and diseases cause such devastation due, to a great degree, to a lack of natural enemies in their introduced range, and a lack of immunity within their new hosts as they have not previously been exposed to them (Tomoshevitch et al., 2013). The threat from new pests and pathogens is only set to rise as the rate of international trade increases, involving greater numbers of countries and trade routes, creating new pathways for their introduction. Similarly, the change in climate, e.g. increased temperatures and changed rainfall patterns, creates new habitats in which these damaging organisms can establish and thrive, making them a threat to more countries and plants. A key issue that scientists face is trying to predict which of these organisms could/will cause problems for plants in the future, and where. The overall aim of this project was to establish the basis for an International Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN) as an early-warning system for future pest and disease threats. The network would use enhanced monitoring of plants that are growing outside their natural regions for damage by all the organisms that exist in the new environment; i.e. 'sentinel plants'. Research has shown the potential power of using sentinel plants for identifying new pest organisms (Fagan et al., 2008, Baker et al., 2009, Britton et al., 2010, Kenis et al., 2011; Tomoshevitch et al., 2013, ISEFOR, 2015). As well as helping to identify 'unknowns' or 'future threats', research can also provide key information about pests and diseases that scientists already know but which are poorly characterised. The more scientists (and botanical institute) know, the better the management plans that can be put in place to prevent the introduction of such pests and/or slow or stop their establishment and spread. For this reason, the aim of the IPSN is to bring together experts from different backgrounds who work in plant health, including those working in governments, academic institutions and NGOs combined with staff working in botanic ...